Giriş: Dolaylı Anlatım Nedir?
Reported speech (dolaylı anlatım), bir kişinin sözlerini doğrudan alıntılamadan (tırnak işaretleri olmadan) başka bir cümle içinde aktarmaktır. Direct speech’teki yapı korunmaz; çoğu zaman zaman kaydırması (backshift)yapılır, kişi zamirleri ve zaman ifadeleri (today, yesterday gibi) değişir. YDS’de amaç; doğru zamanı, doğru yapıyı ve anlam bütünlüğünü koruyarak doğru seçeneği bulmaktır.
Temel Konsept:
- • Direct: "I'm tired," she said.
- • Reported: She said (that) she was tired.
BÖLÜM 1: REPORTED STATEMENTS (Bildirilen İfadeler)
1. REPORTING VERBS: SAY vs TELL
SAY (söylemek) – Dinleyici zorunlu değildir
Yapı: say + (that) + cümle
Örnekler:
- • Direct: "I'm busy," she said.
- • Reported: She said (that) she was busy.
- • Direct: "We're moving to London," they said.
- • Reported: They said (that) they were moving to London.
Dinleyici eklemek istersen:
“say” ile dinleyici geliyorsa genellikle to kullanılır.
- • Direct: "I love your dress," she said to me.
- • Reported: She said to me (that) she loved my dress.
TELL (söylemek) – Dinleyici zorunludur
Yapı: tell + someone + (that) + cümle
Örnekler:
- • Direct: "I'll be late," he told me.
- • Reported: He told me (that) he would be late.
- • Direct: "You need to relax," the doctor told her.
- • Reported: The doctor told her (that) she needed to relax.
YDS’de sık tuzak:
“tell” mutlaka bir dinleyici (direct object) ister.
❌ He told that he was busy.
✓ He told me (that) he was busy.
2. BACKSHIFTING (Zaman Kaydırması)
Temel kural: Reporting verb (said, told gibi) geçmiş zamandaysa, reported speech içindeki zamanlar genellikle bir basamak geriye kaydırılır.
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple | "I work here" → He said he worked there |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | "I'm studying" → She said she was studying |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | "I've finished" → He said he had finished |
| Simple Past | Past Perfect | "I left yesterday" → She said she had left the day before |
| Future (will) | Would | "I'll come" → He said he would come |
| Past Perfect | Past Perfect (NO CHANGE) | "I had seen it" → She said she had seen it |
| can | could | "I can swim" → He said he could swim |
| must | had to | "I must go" → She said she had to go |
Present Simple → Past Simple:
- • Direct: "I work in a bank," Daniel said.
- • Reported: Daniel said (that) he worked in a bank.
Present Continuous → Past Continuous:
- • Direct: "I'm cooking dinner," she said.
- • Reported: She said (that) she was cooking dinner.
Present Perfect → Past Perfect:
- • Direct: "I've visited Paris," he said.
- • Reported: He said (that) he had visited Paris.
Future → Would:
- • Direct: "I will help you," she promised.
- • Reported: She promised (that) she would help me.
3. NO BACKSHIFT (Zaman Kaydırmasının Yapılmadığı Durumlar)
Her zaman backshift zorunlu değildir. Aşağıdaki durumlarda zaman değişimi yapılmayabilir:
A. Reporting Verb present/future ise
Yapı: say/tell + (present/future) + (that) + aynı zaman
Örnekler:
- • Direct: "I'm tired," she says.
- • Reported: She says (that) she is tired.
- • Direct: "I'll arrive tomorrow," he will say.
- • Reported: He will say (that) he'll arrive tomorrow.
B. Söylenen bilgi hâlâ doğru/geçerliyse
Genel geçer gerçekler veya hâlâ doğru olan durumlar için backshift yapılmayabilir:
- • Direct: "The earth goes around the sun," the teacher said.
- • Reported: The teacher said (that) the earth goes around the sun.
- • Direct: "My brother works for an Italian company," he told me.
- • Reported: He told me (that) his brother works for an Italian company.
4. PRONOUN (KİŞİ ZAMİRİ) DEĞİŞİMİ
Kişi zamirleri, konuşmayı aktaran kişinin bakış açısına göre değişir. En pratik yaklaşım: Konuşanın “I”ı, reported cümlede genellikle he/she/they olur.
Temel mantık: Kimin konuştuğunu ve kimin aktardığını belirle → zamiri ona göre seç.
| Direct | Reported |
|---|---|
| I | he / she / they |
| me | him / her / them |
| my | his / her / their |
| you | I / we / he / she (bağlama göre) |
| your | my / our / his / her (bağlama göre) |
| we | they (ya da aktaran da dahilse we) |
| our | their (ya da our) |
Örnek:
- • Direct: "I love my job," she said to me.
- • Reported: She said (that) she loved her job.
Aktaran kişi “ben” ise:
- • Direct: "Will you help me?" she asked.
- • Reported: She asked if I would help her.
5. TIME EXPRESSIONS (ZAMAN İFADELERİ) DEĞİŞİMİ
Zaman ifadeleri aktarım sırasında bağlama göre değişir. YDS’de bu eşleştirmeler çok sık sorulur:
| Direct | Reported |
|---|---|
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| next week | the following week |
| last month | the previous month |
| ago | before |
| here | there |
Örnek:
- • Direct: "I'll do it tomorrow," he said.
- • Reported: He said (that) he would do it the next day.
BÖLÜM 2: REPORTED QUESTIONS (Bildirilen Sorular)
1. WH-QUESTIONS (Açık Sorular)
Reported question’larda en kritik kural: soru dizilimi (inversion) yapılmaz. Yani “are you / did he” gibi yapı, reported formda normal cümle sırasına döner.
Yapı: asked + wh-word + subject + verb
Örnekler:
- • Direct: "Where are you going?" she asked.
- • Reported: She asked where I was going.
- • Direct: "What did he say?" she asked.
- • Reported: She asked what he had said.
❌ Sık Hata:
❌ She asked where was I going.
✓ She asked where I was going.
2. YES/NO QUESTIONS
Yes/No sorular reported hâle getirilirken if veya whether kullanılır.
Yapı: asked + if/whether + subject + verb
Örnekler:
- • Direct: "Are you coming?" she asked.
- • Reported: She asked if I was coming.
- • Direct: "Will you be there tomorrow?" he asked.
- • Reported: He asked whether I would be there the next day.
Whether vs If:
- • Daha resmi kullanımda “whether” tercih edilir
- • Günlük dilde “if” daha yaygındır
- • Edattan sonra “whether” kullanımı daha güvenlidir
3. Reporting Verbs for Questions
- • ask (en yaygın)
- • want to know
- • wonder
- • inquire (daha resmi)
- • demand to know (daha güçlü vurgu)
Örnekler:
- • She wondered if he was coming.
- • He wanted to know what time it started.
- • They inquired whether anyone had seen it.
BÖLÜM 3: REPORTED COMMANDS & REQUESTS (Emirler ve Rica Cümleleri)
1. COMMANDS (Emirler)
Emir cümleleri reported hâle getirilirken genellikle to + fiil yapısı kullanılır.
Yapı: told/ordered + person + (not) to + verb
Örnekler:
- • Direct: "Close the door!" she said.
- • Reported: She told me to close the door.
- • Direct: "Don't be late!" he said.
- • Reported: He told her not to be late.
2. REQUESTS (Ricalar)
Rica cümlelerinde de sık kullanılan yapı “asked + object + to + verb” şeklindedir.
Yapı: asked + person + to + verb
Örnekler:
- • Direct: "Please send me the document," he said.
- • Reported: He asked me to send him the document.
- • Direct: "Could you help me?" she asked.
- • Reported: She asked if I could help her.
3. Other Imperative Verbs
| Kategori | Reporting Verb | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| Advice | advised | advised me to study |
| Warning | warned | warned me not to go |
| Invitation | invited | invited me to come |
| Suggestion | suggested | suggested going there |
| Permission | allowed | allowed me to stay |
| Instruction | instructed | instructed me to wait |
Örnekler:
- • "You should see a doctor," she advised. → She advised me to see a doctor.
- • "Don't touch that!" he warned. → He warned me not to touch it.
- • "Come to my party!" she invited. → She invited me to come to her party.
EN SIK HATALAR
1. Backshift Yapmamak (Geçmiş Reporting Verb ile)
❌ YANLIŞ
He said he is busy.
✓ DOĞRU
He said he was busy.
2. Reported Questions’ta Inversion Yapmak
❌ YANLIŞ
She asked where was I going.
✓ DOĞRU
She asked where I was going.
3. Tell’den Sonra Dinleyiciyi Unutmak
❌ YANLIŞ
He told that he was sick.
✓ DOĞRU
He told me (that) he was sick.
4. Emir/Rica Yapısında “to”yu Unutmak
❌ YANLIŞ
She told me close the door.
✓ DOĞRU
She told me to close the door.
5. Zaman İfadelerini Değiştirmemek
❌ YANLIŞ
He said he'll come today. (daha sonra aktarılıyorsa)
✓ DOĞRU
He said he would come that day.
YDS SINAVINDA KULLANIM
Gramer Soruları:
- • Backshift
- • Say/Tell seçimi
- • Zaman ve zamir değişimi
- • Reported questions dizilimi
Cümle Tamamlama:
- • Doğru tense seçimi
- • “if/whether” kullanımı
- • Anlam bütünlüğü
Çeviri & Anlam:
- • Zaman kaydırmasını doğru aktarma
- • Time expression dönüşümü
- • Bakış açısı (pronoun) kontrolü
Pratik Örnekler - YDS Tipi Sorular
Soru 1: "Where did you find that?" he asked me.
Which is reported correctly?
A) He asked me where did I find that.
B) He asked me where I did find that.
C) He asked me where I found that.
D) He asked me where I have found that.
Cevap: C) He asked me where I found that.
Açıklama: Reported questions’ta inversion yapılmaz; normal S-V dizilimi kullanılır.
Soru 2: Complete: He _____ me (that) he was ill.
A) said
B) told
C) said to
D) told to
Cevap: B) told
Açıklama: “tell” mutlaka bir dinleyici ister: tell + someone + (that) + cümle.
Sonuç: Temel Kurallar
- ✓Say: say + (that) + cümle (dinleyici zorunlu değil)
- ✓Tell: tell + someone + (that) + cümle (dinleyici zorunlu)
- ✓Backshift: said/told gibi geçmiş reporting verb → zamanlar genelde geriye kayar
- ✓No backshift: reporting verb present/future ise veya bilgi hâlâ doğruysa
- ✓Reported questions: if/whether + normal S-V dizilimi (inversion yok)
- ✓Commands: told/ordered + person + (not) to + fiil
- ✓Zaman ifadeleri: today → that day, yesterday → the day before, tomorrow → the next day
💡 Son İpucu:
YDS’de reported speech sorularında genellikle üç şey ölçülür: zaman kaydırması, bakış açısı (pronoun) vereported questions’ta dizilim. Özellikle soru cümlelerinde inversion yapmamak, net artıran en kritik adımdır.
⚠️ Uyarı:
En sık hata yapılan noktalar:
- 1. Reported questions’ta inversion yapmak
- 2. “tell”den sonra dinleyiciyi unutmak
- 3. Zaman ve zaman ifadelerini (today/yesterday vb.) değiştirmemek