Giriş: Karşılaştırma Yapıları
Comparatives (karşılaştırma yapıları) ve superlatives (üstünlük yapıları), İngilizcede anlamı netleştiren en temel yapılardan biridir. YDS'de bu konu bazen doğrudan dil bilgisi sorusu olarak karşına çıkar; bazen de uzun bir cümle içinde doğru anlamı yakalayabilmek için bu yapıları hızlıca tanıman gerekir.
Temel kural, sıfatın (adjective) kaç heceli olduğuna bağlıdır. Ayrıca eşitlik bildiren as...as yapısı da sınavda sık ölçülen bir noktadır.
Temel Konsept:
- • Comparative = İki şeyi kıyasla (-ER / MORE...THAN)
- • Superlative = Bir grubun en iyisi/kötüsü (THE...EST / THE MOST)
- • AS...AS = Eşitlik karşılaştırması
BÖLÜM 1: COMPARATIVE FORMS (Karşılaştırma Formları)
KURAL 1: ONE-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES (Tek Hece Sıfatlar)
Tek heceli sıfatlarda -ER ekle, sonra THAN kullan.
Yapı: Subject + Verb + Adjective + ER + Than + Object
Basit Kurallar
| Adjective | Comparative | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| tall | taller | John is taller than Mary |
| fast | faster | This car is faster than that one |
| cold | colder | Today is colder than yesterday |
| old | older | My brother is older than me |
| new | newer | Her house is newer than his |
Özel Kural: Consonant-Vowel-Consonant (CVC)
Son harfi çift (double) et, sonra -ER ekle.
| Adjective | CVC? | Comparative | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| big | YES (b-i-g) | bigger | This apple is bigger than that one |
| hot | YES (h-o-t) | hotter | Summer is hotter than spring |
| thin | YES (th-i-n) | thinner | She is thinner than her sister |
| sad | YES (s-a-d) | sadder | I'm sadder than before |
| fat | YES (f-a-t) | fatter | The cat is fatter than the dog |
⚠️ Önemli Not: “than” sonrasında hem object pronoun (than me / than him) hem de daha resmî kullanım olan subject + verb (than I am / than he is) YDS bağlamında doğru kabul edilir.
KURAL 2: TWO-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -Y
-Y'Yİ -I'YE ÇEVİR, sonra -ER ekle.
Yapı: Y → IER
| Adjective | Comparative | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| happy | happier | She looks happier than before |
| easy | easier | This is easier than that |
| pretty | prettier | Your dress is prettier than mine |
| crazy | crazier | He's crazier than his brother |
| lucky | luckier | You're luckier than me |
❌ YANLIŞ
happyer
✓ DOĞRU
happier
KURAL 3: TWO OR MORE SYLLABLES (2+ Heceli)
MORE + Adjective + THAN kullan.
Yapı: Subject + Verb + MORE + Adjective + THAN + Object
2+ Syllables (Diğer)
| Adjective | Comparative | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| beautiful | more beautiful | Her garden is more beautiful than mine |
| intelligent | more intelligent | He's more intelligent than his classmate |
| interesting | more interesting | That book is more interesting than this one |
| comfortable | more comfortable | This chair is more comfortable than that |
| expensive | more expensive | That car is more expensive than this one |
| important | more important | Health is more important than money |
2 Syllables (Not -Y)
Bazı iki heceli sıfatlarda iki kullanım da görülebilir; ancak sınav pratiğinde genellikle more kalıbı daha güvenlidir.
| Adjective | -ER (Daha az yaygın) | MORE (Daha yaygın) | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| handsome | handsomer | more handsome | Genellikle more handsome tercih edilir |
| gentle | gentler | more gentle | İkisi de mümkün; çoğunlukla more gentle |
| simple | simpler | more simple | İkisi de görülebilir |
| active | activer (rare) | more active | Genellikle more active tercih edilir |
💡 Not:
Kararsız kaldığında MORE kullanmak genellikle en güvenli tercihtir.
BÖLÜM 2: SUPERLATIVE FORMS (En İyisi/Kötüsü)
KURAL 1: ONE-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES
THE + Adjective + -EST + (Optional: IN/OF group)
Yapı: The + Adjective + EST + IN/OF + Group
| Adjective | Superlative | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| tall | the tallest | He is the tallest boy in the class |
| fast | the fastest | This is the fastest car in the world |
| cold | the coldest | January is the coldest month of the year |
| big | the biggest | This is the biggest house in the town |
CVC Kuralı (Çift Harf)
Comparatives gibi, one-syllable CVC adjectives'te son harfi çift et.
| Adjective | Superlative | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| big | the biggest | The biggest elephant is here |
| hot | the hottest | July is the hottest month |
| thin | the thinnest | She's the thinnest girl here |
| sad | the saddest | That's the saddest story I know |
KURAL 2: TWO-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -Y
THE + Y→IES (Adjective) + -EST
| Adjective | Superlative | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| happy | the happiest | She's the happiest person I know |
| easy | the easiest | This is the easiest problem |
| pretty | the prettiest | That's the prettiest dress |
| lucky | the luckiest | He's the luckiest man alive |
KURAL 3: TWO OR MORE SYLLABLES
THE MOST + Adjective
Yapı: The + MOST + Adjective + IN/OF + Group
| Adjective | Superlative | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| beautiful | the most beautiful | She is the most beautiful actress in Hollywood |
| intelligent | the most intelligent | He's the most intelligent person in the room |
| interesting | the most interesting | That's the most interesting movie I've seen |
| expensive | the most expensive | This is the most expensive restaurant in the city |
| important | the most important | Health is the most important thing in life |
BÖLÜM 3: IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES
⚠️ Çok Önemli:
Bu formlar kural izlemez; mutlaka öğrenip pratikle pekiştirmelisin.
| Adjective | Comparative | Superlative | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| good | better | the best | This is better than that. / This is the best |
| bad | worse | the worst | Your day was worse than mine. / The worst day |
| little | less | the least | This has less sugar. / The least sugar |
| much | more | the most | I have more books. / The most books |
| many | more | the most | There are more people. / The most people |
| far | further/farther | the furthest/farthest | The school is farther. / The farthest place |
GOOD/BETTER/BEST
- • good adjective: That's a good movie.
- • better comparative: This movie is better than that one.
- • best superlative: That's the best movie I've seen.
BAD/WORSE/WORST
- • bad adjective: This is a bad idea.
- • worse comparative: Your idea is worse than his.
- • worst superlative: That's the worst idea ever.
FAR/FURTHER/FARTHER - FARTHEST/FURTHEST
Genel kullanım:
- • farther = fiziksel mesafe (daha net kullanım)
- • further = soyut/mecazi anlam, ek bilgi
• The school is farther away. (fiziksel)
• We need to discuss this further. (soyut/ek)
BÖLÜM 4: AS...AS STRUCTURE (Eşitlik)
POSITIVE: AS...AS (Eşit/Aynı Derecede)
Yapı: Subject + Verb + AS + Adjective + AS + Object
Örnekler
- • Tom is as tall as his brother. (Tom kardeşi kadar uzun)
- • This book is as interesting as that one. (Bu kitap o kitap kadar ilginç)
- • Mary is as smart as John. (Mary John kadar akıllı)
- • My car is as fast as yours. (Arabam senin kadar hızlı)
Quantity ile
- • I have as many books as you. (Senin kadar çok kitabım var)
- • This coffee has as much sugar as that one. (Bu kahvede o kahve kadar şeker var)
- • She eats as much food as him. (Onun kadar çok yemek yiyor)
NEGATIVE: NOT AS...AS (Daha Az)
Yapı: Subject + Verb + NOT AS + Adjective + AS + Object
Örnekler
• Tom is not as tall as his brother. (Tom kardeşi kadar uzun değil)
- SAME MEANING: His brother is taller than Tom.
• This book is not as interesting as that one. (Bu kitap o kitap kadar ilginç değil)
- SAME MEANING: That book is more interesting than this one.
• Mary is not as smart as John. (Mary John kadar akıllı değil)
- SAME MEANING: John is smarter than Mary.
Alternative: LESS...THAN
• This book is less interesting than that one.
- NOT AS INTERESTING AS ile benzer anlam verir
- YDS'de özellikle uzun sıfatlarla (interesting/important gibi) daha doğal görünür
BÖLÜM 5: DEGREE ADVERBS (Derece Zarfları)
Karşılaştırmaları güçlendirmek veya zayıflatmak için:
BIG DIFFERENCE (Büyük Fark)
| Adverb | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| much | much taller | - |
| far | far more beautiful | - |
| a lot | a lot faster | - |
| considerably | considerably taller | - |
| significantly | significantly more important | - |
Örnekler:
- • His house is much bigger than mine. (Çok daha büyük)
- • This movie is far more interesting than that. (Çok daha ilginç)
- • She's a lot smarter than her brother. (Çok daha akıllı)
SMALL DIFFERENCE (Küçük Fark)
| Adverb | Örnek |
|---|---|
| slightly | slightly taller |
| a bit | a bit faster |
| a little | a little more expensive |
| just | just as good (eşit ama vurgulu) |
Örnekler:
- • My house is slightly bigger than yours. (Biraz daha büyük)
- • This is a bit more expensive than that. (Biraz daha pahalı)
- • She's just as smart as him. (Tam o kadar akıllı)
En Sık Hatalar
1. -ER/-EST ile MORE/MOST Karıştırma
❌ more taller → ✓ taller
❌ more beautiful-er → ✓ more beautiful
2. CVC Çiftleme Unutma
❌ biger → ✓ bigger
❌ hoter → ✓ hotter (hot + ER, t çift → hotter)
3. Than Unutma
❌ She is taller me → ✓ She is taller than me
4. Good/Bad Irregular Formları
❌ gooder → ✓ better
❌ badder → ✓ worse
5. AS...AS Yapısında “as” Karıştırma
❌ Tom is as tall than his brother → ✓ Tom is as tall as his brother
6. Farther / Further Ayrımını Yanlış Genelleme
✓ farther genelde fiziksel mesafe için daha nettir; further ise soyut/ek anlamlarda çok yaygındır.
YDS Sınavında Kullanım
Grammar Section
- • Comparative/Superlative form seçme
- • AS...AS structure
- • Irregular forms
- • Degree adverbs
Reading Comprehension
- • Karşılaştırma ifadelerini tanıma ve anlamlandırma
Çeviri Soruları
- • “daha / en / kadar” anlamlarını doğru kurma
- • Superlative yapılarında “the” kullanımını kaçırmama
Pratik Örnekler - YDS Tipi Sorular
Soru 1: "This book is _____ that one."
A) more interesting than B) more interesting as C) as interesting than D) interesting more than
Cevap: A) more interesting than
Açıklama: Çok heceli sıfatlarda karşılaştırma “more + adjective + than” ile yapılır.
Soru 2: Complete: "Your house is _____ mine."
A) as big like B) as big as C) big as D) as big than
Cevap: B) as big as
Açıklama: “as...as” yapısı eşitlik karşılaştırmasıdır.
Sonuç: Temel Kurallar
- ✓1-syllable: -ER (taller, faster) / -EST (tallest, fastest)
- ✓2-syllable -Y: -IER (happier, easier) / -IEST (happiest, easiest)
- ✓2+-syllables: MORE (more beautiful) / MOST (most beautiful)
- ✓CVC Rule: Double final consonant (big→bigger, hot→hotter)
- ✓Comparatives: Adjective + ER/MORE + THAN
- ✓Superlatives: THE + Adjective + EST/MOST + IN/OF
- ✓Irregular: good→better→best, bad→worse→worst, far→farther→farthest
- ✓AS...AS: Equality (Tom is as tall as John)
- ✓NOT AS...AS: Inequality (Tom is not as tall as John)
- ✓Degree Adverbs: much/far/a lot (big difference), slightly/a bit (small difference)
⚠️ En Sık Hata Yapılan Konular:
- "More taller" gibi çiftleme (hem -er hem more)
- CVC kuralını unutma (big→bigger, değil "biger")
- Good/Bad irregular formlarını karıştırma
- Than'ı unutma
💡 Son İpucu:
YDS pratiğinde en hızlı ilerleten şey, kalıbı doğru görüp doğru seçeneği elemek. Bu yüzden 1 hece = -er/-est, 2+ hece = more/most kuralını sağlamlaştır. Irregular formları (good/better/best gibi) mutlaka oturt. As...as yapısında da “as” kelimesinin iki tarafta yer aldığını unutma.